The Russian state space corporation Roscosmos will spend 478 million rubles ($7.5 million) on studying issues of manned flights to the moon, data published on the Russian public procurement web portal suggests. The Central Research Institute of Machine Building (TsNIIMash), a research institute within the Russian space agency, is set to carry out the studies, according to the portal.

Under the procurement deal, TsNIIMash will also have to develop "key elements and technologies, including in medical and biological areas, to provide safe life and work conditions for cosmonauts on the Lunar orbit and on the surface of the Moon."

In June, TsNIIMash announced that Russian engineers were working on a project of a lunar base that would eventually hold up to 12 people.

++ Fly Me to the Moon: Russia, US Discuss Lunar Station for Mars Mission

Russia's Roscosmos Corporation and NASA are in discussions about future of joint space missions following the conclusion of the ISS project in 2024; one proposal is to create a space base close to the Moon which will enable the deep space exploration of Mars and beyond. The International Space Station project, a partnership between Russia, the US, EU, Japan and Canada, is planned to end in 2024, when the spacecraft will plunge into the sea.

Construction of the ISS began in 1998 when Russia's Zarya module was launched. It's last major part, the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer module, was delivered in May 2011 by the US Space Shuttle Endeavour on its 25th and final mission.

In March last year the head of Roscosmos Igor Komarov confirmed that the ISS will continue its scientific investigations until 2024, and revealed that the US and Russia are in talks about the successor to the international project.

"Roskosmos and NASA are going to work on a project for a future orbital station," Komarov said.

"It will be an open project, and not just the current participants in the ISS will take part. It will be open to everybody who wants to join (the project)," Komarov said, Vesti.ru reported.

NASA administrator Charles Bolden said that the countries might collaborate on a mission to Mars.

"The direction of our collaboration is Mars. We are in discussions about how best to use resources, finances, determine time-frames and how to coordinate our efforts so that activities are not duplicated," Bolden said, as reported by Vesti.

Several rovers and orbiters are currently studying Mars; the latest is ExoMars, a joint mission by Roscosmos and the European Space Agency, launched from Baikonur in March 2016. However, a human mission is planned for the 2030s at the earliest.

In July 2015 William Gerstenmaier, NASA's Associate Administrator for Human Exploration and Operations said that political differences between Washington and Moscow should not interfere with space exploration programs.

"We are very reliant on one another," in the ISS project, and mission control centers in Moscow and Houston are in daily contact, Gerstenmaier said.

On Tuesday Anatoly Zak, author of RussianSpaceWeb.com, presented several of the options under discussion in an article for Popular Mechanics.

Zak revealed that American aerospace companies like Boeing and Lockheed Martin have been working with Russian colleagues from spacecraft manufacturers RSC Energia and GKNPTs Khrunichev to devise mission strategies.

Several of the strategies under discussion envisage the creation of an international "habitat" in cislunar space, the vicinity of the moon.

This base "could serve as a platform for the exploration of our natural satellite and a springboard for missions to asteroids and even to Mars," Zak wrote.

"The two sides seem to understand why they need each other, and how the pieces fit together. For their part, the Russians have mastered the development and operation of space modules that can house crews and provide propulsion for years at a time. (As it) turns out, that's exactly what the US could use. Such a habitat would expand the livable volume for the Orion crews beyond the cramped one-room compartment of the ship's command module, extending the possibilities for missions."

At an ISS research and development conference in San Diego last week, NASA's William Gerstenmaier confirmed to Zak that near-lunar missions are being considered as a stepping stone for a future manned mission to Mars.

"Don't think of it as a space station around the Moon. Think of it as the beginning of the Mars transit system," Gerstenmaier said. NASA plans to launch its Orion spacecraft in the 2020s, when it will take astronauts to explore an asteroid, and it hopes to put Mars within the reach of humans in the 2030s.

On the ISS, investigations are being carried out to understand how to protect the human body for longer durations in space, which a human mission to Mars would require.

In March 2016 American astronaut Scott Kelly and Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko landed in Kazakhstan after spending a record 340 days in space, aboard the ISS.

One particular research project during the "One-year mission" examined fluid shifts that occur when bodily fluids move into the upper body during weightlessness, which may cause pressure on the head, similar to that experienced by a person standing on their head.

Source: Sputnik News